after doing research on Sao Paulo I learnt that they are a beta city because they had nine of the mega city characteristic. I learnt they have a population of 12 million and they also have major sewage issues and they're going through their biggest drought in 80 years. and the push factors out weigh the pull factors, for example in Sao Paulo they have more jobs for skilled workers like doctors and pilots, rather than small shop owners and small businesses. and the reason for this is because Sao Paulo has 1,600 slums or favelas with about 720,000 people. who cant find jobs or don't have enough education to get one.